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Pensions in the United Kingdom fall into three major divisions and 7 sub-divisions, including both defined-benefit and defined-contribution: * State Pensions * * Basic State Pension * * State Second Pension (S2P) * Occupational Pensions * * Defined Benefit Pension * * Defined Contribution Pension * Individual/Personal Pensions * * Stakeholder Pensions * * Group Personal Pensions * * Self-Invested Personal Pension Personal accounts, automatic enrolment and the minimum employer contribution will be new policies joining these from 2012.〔(What is auto enrolment? ), Intuit.co.uk.〕 The state provides basic pension provision intended to prevent poverty in old age. Until 2010 men over the age of 65 and women over the age of 60 were entitled to claim state pension; from April 2010 the age for women is gradually being harmonised to match that for men.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The new State Pension )〕 Longer-term, the retirement age for both men and women will rise to 68 by no later than 2046〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=(CONTENT ) Changes to the planned increase in State Pension age : Directgov – Newsroom )〕 and possibly much earlier. The basic state pension, then known as the "Old Age Pension" was introduced in the United Kingdom (which included all of Ireland at that time) in January 1909. A pension of 5 shillings per week (25p, equivalent, using the Consumer Price Index, to £ in present day terms), or 7s.6d per week (equivalent to £ today) for a married couple, was payable to a person with an income below £21 per annum (equivalent to £ today), following the passage of the Old Age Pensions Act 1908. The qualifying age was 70, and the pensions were subject to a means test. ==History== Until the 20th century, poverty was seen as a quasi-criminal state, and this was reflected in the Vagabonds and Beggars Act 1495 that imprisoned beggars. During Elizabethan times, English poor laws represented a shift whereby the poor were seen merely as morally degenerate, and were expected to perform forced labour in workhouses. The beginning of the modern state pension was the Old Age Pensions Act 1908, that provided 5 shillings (£0.25) a week for those over 70 whose annual means do not exceed £31.50. It coincided with the Royal Commission on the Poor Laws and Relief of Distress 1905-09 and was the first step in the Liberal welfare reforms to the completion of a system of social security, with unemployment and health insurance through the National Insurance Act 1911. After the war, the National Insurance Act 1946 completed universal coverage of social security. The National Assistance Act 1948 formally abolished the poor law, and gave a minimum income to those not paying national insurance. The early 1990s established the existing framework for state pensions in the Social Security Contributions and Benefits Act 1992 and Superannuation and other Funds (Validation) Act 1992. Following the highly respected Goode Report, occupational pensions were covered by comprehensive statutes in the Pension Schemes Act 1993 and the Pensions Act 1995. In 2002 the Pensions Commission was established as a cross party body to review pensions in the United Kingdom. The first Act to follow was the Pensions Act 2004 that updated regulation by replacing OPRA with the Pensions Regulator and relaxing the stringency of minimum funding requirements for pensions, while ensuring protection for insolvent businesses. In a major update of the state pension, the Pensions Act 2007, which aligned and raised retirement ages. Following that, the Pensions Act 2008 has set up automatic enrolment for occupational pensions, and a public competitor designed to be a low-cost and efficient fund manager, called the National Employment Savings Trust (or "Nest"). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pensions in the United Kingdom」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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